The coal industry—both in Appalachia and in the United States as a whole—has undergone a severe downturn over the last decade as demand for coal has fallen across the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated recession weighed down on coal production even more. With data through 2022, this report details major trends in coal production and employment in Appalachia over the last two decades and assesses how those trends may affect the economic performance in the Region.